Hardware Atlas · Foundations
Electrical Foundations
Before touching any component, you need to understand the physical laws that govern electricity. These are not optional background knowledge — they are the foundation every debugging session starts from.
Voltage, Current & Resistance
The three fundamental quantities of electrical circuits. Every hardware problem — from a burnt-out LED to an Arduino that won't power on — traces back to these three quantities and the relationship between them.
Power and Ground
How power rails work and why common ground is critical
In progress
Digital vs Analog Signals
The difference between discrete and continuous signals
In progress
PWM (Pulse-Width Modulation)
How digital pins simulate analog control for motors and servos
In progress
I2C, SPI, UART
Serial communication protocols for sensor and module interfaces
In progress
Common Ground
Why shared ground is essential in multi-component systems
In progress
Start here
If you have never picked up a multimeter, begin with Voltage, Current & Resistance. If you understand Ohm's Law but serial protocols confuse you, start with I2C, SPI, UART. These concepts appear in every hardware page that follows.