Hardware Atlas
Hardware, explained for
AI builders.
Every page connects the physics of electronics to its role in physical AI and robotics systems. Realistic diagrams, proper pinouts, working code, and the failure modes that textbooks omit.
Electrical Foundations
Ohm's Law, power rails, digital vs analog, PWM, serial protocols. Start here if circuits are new to you.
Microcontrollers
Arduino, ESP32, Raspberry Pi Pico — the brains that run your code and control the physical world.
Sensors
IMU, ultrasonic, load cell, encoder — the perceptual organs that feed data into your AI pipeline.
Actuators
Servo motors, DC motors, stepper motors, solenoids — the muscles that move your robot.
Components
Motor drivers, level shifters, resistors, capacitors — the interface layer between logic and power.
Measurement Tools
Multimeter, oscilloscope, logic analyser — the instruments that turn guessing into knowing.
Component-to-Intelligence Map
How every hardware component maps to a function in an AI system — Sensors → Perception, Actuators → Action, MCU → Policy execution.
Learning Paths
Zero to first circuit
Absolute Beginner
- 1Electrical Foundations
- 2Arduino
- 3Breadboard + LED
- 4Servo Motor
Build a perception layer
Sensors for AI
- 1Voltage & Current
- 2Arduino
- 3IMU Sensor
- 4Sensor Fusion basics
Build moving systems
Robotics Actuation
- 1PWM & Motor Driver
- 2DC Motor
- 3Servo Motor
- 4Arduino PID control
Full sensor-to-action loop
Physical AI Testbed
- 1ESP32 Wi-Fi
- 2IMU + Encoder fusion
- 3Motor Driver + PID
- 4Serial bridge to Python AI
Every hardware page includes